Behavioral management of children

Temper Tantrums: Guidelines for Parents

By Robert G. Harrington, PhD
University of Kansas

Every teacher of young children and every new parent can expect to witness some temper tantrums in children from age 1–4 years. On average, temper tantrums are equally common in boys and girls, and more than half of young children will have one or more per week.

At home, there are predictable situations that can be expected to trigger temper tantrums, such as bedtime, suppertime, getting up, getting dressed, bath time, watching TV, parent talking on the phone, visitors at the house, family visiting another house, car rides, public places, family activities involving siblings, interactions with peers, and playtime. Other settings include transitions between activities, on the school bus, getting ready to work, interactions with other children, directives from the teacher, group activities, answering questions in class, individual seat work, and the playground.

Characteristics of Temper Tantrums

All young children from time to time will whine, complain, resist, cling, argue, hit, shout, run, and defy their teachers and parents. Temper tantrums, although normal, can become upsetting to teachers and parents because they are embarrassing, challenging, and difficult to manage. On the other hand, temper tantrums can become special problems when they occur with greater frequency, intensity, and duration than is typical for the age of the child.

There are nine different types of temperaments in children:

• Hyperactive temperament predisposes the child to respond with fine- or gross-motor activity.
• Distractible temperament predisposes the child to pay more attention to his or her surroundings than to the caregiver.
• High intensity level temperament moves the child to yell, scream, or hit hard when feeling threatened.
• Irregular temperament moves the child to escape the source of stress by needing to eat, drink, sleep, or use the bathroom at irregular times when he or she does not really have the need.
• Negative persistent temperament is seen when the child seems stuck in his or her whining and complaining.
• Low sensory threshold temperament is evident when the child complains about tight clothes and people staring and refuses to be touched by others.
• Initial withdrawal temperament is found when children get clingy, shy, and unresponsive in new situations and around unfamiliar people.
• Poor adaptability temperament shows itself when children resist, shut down, and become passive-aggressive when asked to change activities.
• Negative mood temperament is found when children appear lethargic, sad, and lack the energy to perform a task.

Developmental Issues

At about age 1 1/2 some children will start throwing temper tantrums. These bouts of temper tantrums can last until approximately age 4. Some call this stage the terrible twos and others call it first adolescence because the struggle for independence is similar to what is seen during adolescence. Regardless of what the stage is called, there is a normal developmental course for temper tantrums.

One-and-a-half through 2 years old. Children during this stage will test the limits. They want to see how far they can go before a parent or teacher stops their behavior. At age 2 children are very egocentric and cannot see another person’s point of view. They want independence and self-control to explore their environment. When children cannot reach a goal, they show frustration by crying, arguing, yelling, or hitting. When children’s need for independence collides with the parents’ and teachers’ needs for safety and conformity, the conditions are perfect for a power struggle and a temper tantrum. The temper tantrum is designed to get the teacher or parent to desist in their demands or give them whatever they want. Many times children stop the temper tantrum only when they get what is desired. What is most upsetting to caregivers is that it is virtually impossible to reason with children who are having a temper tantrum, and arguing and cajoling in response to a temper tantrum only escalates the problem.

Three-year-olds. By age 3 many children are less impulsive and can use language to express their needs. Tantrums at this age are often less frequent and less severe. Nevertheless, some preschoolers have learned that a temper tantrum is a good way to get what they want.

Four-year-olds. Most children have the necessary motor and physical skills to meet many of their own needs without relying so much on an adult. At this age, children also have better language that allows them to express their anger and to problem-solve and compromise. Despite these improved skills, even kindergartenage and school-age children can still have temper tantrums when they are faced with demanding academic tasks and new interpersonal situations in school.

Prevention for Parents and Teachers

It is much easier to prevent temper tantrums than it is to manage them once they have erupted. Here are some tips for preventing temper tantrums and some things you can say:

• Reward children for positive attention rather than negative attention. During situations when they are prone to temper tantrums, catch them when they are being good and say such things as, “Nice job sharing with your friend.”
• Do not ask children to do something when they must do what you ask. Do not ask, “Would you like to eat now?” Say, “It’s suppertime now.”
• Give children control over little things whenever possible by giving choices. A little bit of power given to the child can stave off the big power struggles later. “Which do you want to do first, brush your teeth or put on your pajamas?”
• Keep off-limit objects out of sight and therefore out of mind. In an art activity keep the scissors out of reach if children are not ready to use them safely.
• Distract children by redirection to another activity when they tantrum over something they should not do or cannot have. Say, “Let’s read a book together.”
• Change environments, thus removing the child from the source of the temper tantrum. Say, “Let’s go for a walk.”
• Choose your battles. Teach children how to make a request without a temper tantrum and then honor the request. Say, “Try asking for that toy nicely and I’ll get it for you.”
• Make sure that children are well rested and fed in situations in which a temper tantrum is a likely possibility. Say, “Supper is almost ready, here’s a cracker for now.”
• Avoid boredom. Say, “You have been working for a long time. Let’s take a break and do something fun.”
• Create a safe environment that children can explore without getting into trouble. Childproof your home or classroom so children can explore safely.
• Increase your tolerance level. Are you available to meet the child’s reasonable needs? Evaluate how many times you say, “No.” Avoid fighting over minor things.
• Establish routines and traditions that add structure. For teachers, start class with a sharing time and opportunity for interaction.
• Signal children before you reach the end of an activity so that they can get prepared for the transition. Say, “When the timer goes off 5 minutes from now it will be time to turn off the TV and go to bed.”
• When visiting new places or unfamiliar people explain to the child beforehand what to expect. Say, “Stay with your assigned buddy in the museum.”
• Provide pre-academic, behavioral, and social challenges that are at the child’s developmental level so that the child does not become frustrated.
• Keep a sense of humor to divert the child’s attention and surprise the child out of the tantrum.

Intervention for Parents and Teachers

There are a number of ways to handle a temper tantrum. Strategies include the following:

• Remain calm and do not argue with the child. Before you manage the child, you must manage your own behavior. Spanking or yelling at the child will make the tantrum worse.
• Think before you act. Count to 10 and then think about the source of the child’s frustration, this child’s characteristic temperamental response to stress (hyperactivity, distractibility, moodiness), and the predictable steps in the escalation of the temper tantrum.
• Try to intervene before the child is out of control. Get down at the child’s eye level and say, “You are starting to get revved up, slow down.” Now you have several choices of intervention.
• You can positively distract the child by getting the child focused on something else that is an acceptable activity. For example, you might remove the unsafe item and replace with an age-appropriate toy.
• You can place the child in time away. Time away is a quiet place where the child goes to calm down, think about what he or she needs to do, and, with your help, make a plan to change the behavior.
• You can ignore the tantrum if it is being thrown to get your attention. Once the child calms down, give the attention that is desired.
• Hold the child who is out of control and is going to hurt himself or herself or someone else. Let the child know that you will let him or her go as soon as he or she calms down. Reassure the child that everything will be all right, and help the child calm down. Parents may need to hug their child who is crying, and say they will always love him or her no matter what, but that the behavior has to change. This reassurance can be comforting for a child who may be afraid because he or she lost control.
• If the child has escalated the tantrum to the point where you are not able to intervene in the ways described above, then you may need to direct the child to time-out (see “Resources”). If you are in a public place, carry your child outside or to the car. Tell the child that you will go home unless he or she calms down. In school warn the child up to three times that it is necessary to calm down and give a reminder of the rule. If the child refuses to comply, then place him or her in time-out for no more than 1 minute for each year of age.
• Talk with the child after the child has calmed down. When the child stops crying, talk about the frustration the child has experienced. Try to help solve the problem if possible. For the future, teach the child new skills to help avoid temper tantrums such as how to ask appropriately for help and how to signal a parent or teacher that the he or she knows they need to go to “time away” to “stop, think, and make a plan.” Teach the child how to try a more successful way of interacting with a peer or sibling, how to express his or her feelings with words and recognize the feelings of others without hitting and screaming.

Post-Tantrum Management

• Never, under any circumstances, give in to a tantrum. That response will only increase the number and frequency of the tantrums.
• Explain to the child that there are better ways to get what he or she wants.
• Do not reward the child after a tantrum for calming down. Some children will learn that a temper tantrum is a good way to get a treat later.
• Never let the temper tantrum interfere with your otherwise positive relationship with the child.
• Teach the child that anger is a feeling that we all have and then teach her ways to express anger constructively.

When to Get Help

For parents. If, despite the use of these interventions, the tantrums are increasing in frequency, intensity, or duration, consult your child’s doctor. You should also consult your child’s doctor if the child is self-injurious, hurtful to others, depressed, showing signs of low self-esteem, or is overly dependent on a parent or teacher for support. Your pediatrician or family physician can check for hearing or vision problems, chronic illness, or conditions such as Asperger’s syndrome, language delays, or a learning disability, which may be contributing to your child’s increasing temper tantrums. Your physician can also direct you to a mental health professional who can provide assistance for you and your child.

Resources

Agassi, M. (2000). Hands are not for hitting. Minneapolis: Free Spirit. ISBN: 1575421127.

Greene, R. W. (1998). The explosive child. New York: Harper Collins. ASIN: 0060175346.

MacKenzie, R. (2001). Setting limits with your strongwilled child. New York: Prima. ISBN: 0761521364.

Nelson, J. (1999). Positive time-out and over 50 ways to avoid power struggles in the home and the classroom. New York: Prima. ISBN: 0761521755.

Reichenberg-Ullman, J., & Ullman, R. (1999). Rage-free kids. New York: Prima. ASIN: 0761520279.

Website

Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies— www.behavior.org (See Effective Parenting)

Robert G. Harrington, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Psychology and Research in Education at the University of Kansas and has trained teachers and parents in behavior management of children and adolescents.

© 2004 National Association of School Psychologists, 4340 East West Highway, Suite 402, Bethesda, MD 20814—(301) 657-0270. Reprinted from Helping Children at Home and School II: Handouts for Families and Educators (NASP, 2004), available from the NASP Bookstore.

referred from : http://www.nasponline.org/resources/behavior/tantrums_ho.aspx

Pre writing skill

Almost every preschool website has its own version of "tracing worksheets". Almost every dollar store and superstore has for sale a "letter workbook". Most moms have the idea that this is the method kids should use to learn to write their letters and numbers. But, if you have ever tried this approach, you know it can be frustrating for everyone involved. Tracing worksheets have their place and can be great learning tool for some children, I have just found a process that has worked better for our kiddos.
While working with our occupational therapist, I have learned a lot about teaching our kiddos how to write their letters and numbers. I have learned that it is all about a process. Each level is a building block for the next level. It isn't until after they have learned the proper formation of the letters and numbers, that tracing worksheets are introduced. And even then, I had to discover the "perfect" tracing worksheets.Beginning writers need larger letters and thicker lines to learn how to correctly form letters. The famous tracing worksheets do not offer this. Using start and stop dots along with spacial boxes, a child is guided as they learn. Using this sequence along with the Letter Formation Chants and Number Rhymes will help your child succeed!

Step #1 - Holding a Pencil Correctly

The first step to nice handwriting is a correctly pencil hold. To help teach this, place a kleenex or small sponge in the child's palm. Have the child hold the kleenex or sponge with their ring and little finger. Then, using a "fat" pencil, help the child hold the pencil with their thumb and first two fingers. Having to hold the kleenex as well as the pencil will help the child keep the correct form.
Helping the child hold a pencil correctly begins half way through the 2 Year Curriculum. At this point, some children will not be ready for this activity and that is okay. Be careful not to frustrate the child while doing this activity. Continue to work on fine motor activities to increase the child's fine motor control.

Step #2 - Pre-Writing

If your child can not follow a straight, diagonal, or circular line, they will not be able to form letters. Using a yellow marker or highlighter, draw 3" vertical lines. Move to horizontal, diagonal, and circles as your child is ready. Add a green dot for "go" and a red dot for "stop". Help them place their pencil on the green dot, draw along the yellow, and stop at the red dot.

    

The ABCJLM Pre-Writing Worksheets are also available to print.
Straight Lines Worksheet
Horizontal Lines Worksheet
Diagonal Lines Worksheet
Drawing Lines Review Worksheet
Circular Lines Worksheet

Pre-Writing Worksheets can also be helpful. These worksheets teach a child the concept of tracing lines. I would suggest that you trace the lines with a thick yellow marker (to make them wider) along with adding the green and red dots at the beginning and the end.
Lil Bunny Hops
Kidzone
Preschool Learner Pre-Writing Worksheets

Step #3 - 3" Letters

Once the child has mastered the basic lines and circles, you can move to Step #2. Using a thick yellow marker or highlighter, draw 3" tall letters or numbers across a horizontal paper. Start with just one character on a page at a time. Add a green dot at the starting point of each character and a red dot at the finishing point. Most letters have more than one starting and ending point. Just draw the first starting and ending point. Once the formation is mastered, take away the yellow line, red dot and then finally the green dot. Progress to smaller and thinner lines. Be sure to say the Letter Formation Chants and Number Rhymes as you form the characters. These will help the child learn and remember the correct formation.

The 3 Year Curriculum focuses on tracing the letters with the index finger until the second half of the curriculum. At that point, the child slowly begins to write their name using capital letters only. Follow the same process as stated here using the letters in their name.

Step #4 - Large Tracing Lines

After the child is able to correctly form the 3" characters with the green starting dot only, place the characters on the classic tracing lines. I color-coded the lines to help in the letter formation. The middle line is green since many lower case letters start on the middle line and end on the bottom (red) line. The top line is blue. Draw the characters in yellow with the added the green and red dots for each letter and number. For this step, take away the yellow line first, red dot second, and finally the green dot when the child is ready.
Start with the wider lines and progress to the small lines.
Blank Tracing Line Worksheet - Wide
1" Blank Tracing Line Worksheet - Medium
3/4" Blank Tracing Line Worksheet - Narrow
Now you are ready to work on keeping the letter uniform. For this I have created tracing worksheets.

Step #5 - ABCJLM Tracing Worksheets

All of the ABCJLM worksheets are created in four ways to help children improve fine motor skills and handwriting: 
1. Letters or Numbers - These are the basic worksheets with a place to copy over the letter or number and then write it.
2. With Boxes - Beside each letter or number is a box that gives the child a specific space to write the letter.
3. With Green Dots - The green dot shows the child where to begin the letter.
4. With Green & Red Dots - Inside each box is a green and red dot. The green dot shows the child where to lay their pencil while the red dot means stop. Best printed in color but can be printed with black dots if the colors are no longer needed.Worksheets:
ABC Worksheets - These worksheets include both uppercase and lowercase letters.
Number Worksheets - Numbers 1-20
Letter & Number Progression - These worksheets group letters and numbers together to help the child see the connection between the formation of similar letters and numbers. These worksheets are the basis for the 4-Year Curriculum letter and number order.
Links:
Printable Worksheets - Links to free printable worksheets and sites that allow you to create your own handwriting worksheets
Downloadable Font - Download handwriting font to your computer. This allows you to make your own handwriting worksheets.
Ebook: Handwriting Ebooks Review to come soon!Misc: